What is breast cancer

Breast basics

A woman’s breast is made of glandular tissue, connective tissue, fatty tissue, blood vessels, lymph tissue, and nerves. Each breast contains up to 20 sections of glandular tissue called lobes. Each lobe has many smaller sections called lobules, where milk is made. Milk flows from the lobules through thin tubes called ducts to the nipple. The nipple is the small, raised area at the tip of the breast. The areola is the area of darker-colored skin around the nipple.
Each breast also contains lymph vessels. These are thin tubes that carry lymph to small, bean-shaped glands called lymph nodes. Lymph nodes are found near the breast, under the arm, and throughout the body. Lymph nodes and lymph vessels are part of the lymph system, which helps your body fight disease and infection. The chest muscle and chest wall are behind the breasts.

Breast cancer

Cancer is a disease in which cells become abnormal and form more cells in an uncontrolled way. With breast cancer, the cancer begins in the tissues that make up the breasts. The cancer cells may form a mass called a tumor. (Note: Not all tumors are cancer.) They may also invade nearby tissue and spread to lymph nodes and other parts of the body. The most common types of breast cancer are:
Ductal carcinoma – Cancer that begins in the ducts and grows into surrounding tissues. About 8 in 10 breast cancers are this type.
Lobular carcinoma (LAH-byuh-luhr KAR-sih-NOH-muh) – Cancer that begins in lobules and grows into surrounding tissues. About 1 in 10 breast cancers are this type.
With routine screening, breast cancer often can be found at an early stage, before the cancer has spread.

Cardiovascular Disease in Women

Objectives

• Discuss strategies to assess and stratify women into high risk, at risk, and ideal health categories for cardiovascular disease (CVD)
• Summarize lifestyle approaches to the prevention of CVD in women
• Review American Heart Association (AHA) 2011 Guidelines approaches to CVD prevention for patients with hypertension, lipid abnormalities, and diabetes, with a focus on effectiveness in practice
• Review AHA 2011 Guidelines approach to pharmacological intervention for women at risk for cardiovascular events
• Summarize commonly used therapies that should not be initiated for the prevention or treatment of CVD, because they lack benefit or because risks outweigh benefits

Coronary heart disease is the leading cause of death for all women. The following table shows deaths per 100,000. African American women have higher death rates for CHD, stroke and lung cancer than white, Hispanic or Asian women.

	CHD	Stroke	Lung Cancer	Breast Cancer
Black/African American	130.0	57.0	39.0	32.2
White	101.5	41.0	41.3	23.0
Hispanic	84.5	32.3	14.1	14.8
Asian	58.9	34.9	18.1	11.7

SOURCES:
(1) Lloyd-Jones D, Adams RJ, Brown TM, Carnethon M, Dai S, De Simone G, Ferguson TB, Ford E, Furie K, Gillespie C, Go A, Greenlund K, Haase N, Hailpern S, Ho PM, Howard V, Kissela B, Kittner S, Lackland D, Lisabeth L, Marelli A, McDermott MM, Meigs J, Mozaffarian D, Mussolino M, Nichol G, Roger VL, Rosamond W, Sacco R, Sorlie P, Stafford R, Thom T, Wasserthiel-Smoller S, Wong ND, Wylie-Rosett J; American Heart Association Statistics Committee and Stroke Statistics Subcommittee. (2010). Executive summary: Heart disease and stroke statistics-2010 update. A report from the American Heart Association. Circulation, 121, 948-954.
(2) Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics, Health Data Interactive, 2005-2007. Available at: http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/hdi.htm.
The chart below shows the number of U.S. men and women diagnosed with myocardial infarction and fatal CHD by age. Although women in general present at later ages than men, over 10,000 reproductive age women per year are diagnosed with myocardial infarction or suffer fatal CHD.

	Age 35-44	Age 45-64	Age 65-74	Age 75+
Men	30,000	265,000	180,000	235,000
Women	10,000	95,000	95,000	290,000

SOURCE:
(1) Rosamond W, Flegal K, Furie K, Go A, Greenlund K, Haase N, Hailpern SM, Ho M, Howard V, Kissela B, Kittner S, Lloyd-Jones D, McDermott M, Meigs J, Moy C, Nichol G, O’Donnell C, Roger V, Sorlie P, Steinberger J, Thom T, Wilson M, Hong Y, for the American Heart Association Statistics Committee and Stroke Statistics Subcommittee (2008). AHA Statistical Update, Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2008 Update, A Report From the American Heart Association Statistics Committee and Stroke Statistics Subcommittee. Circulation, 117, e25-e146.
The chart below shows the number of U.S. cardiovascular disease deaths from 1980-2007. While the number of CVD-related deaths in males has been steadily declining over the past 15-20 years, cardiovascular deaths for women remained flat or increased slightly during the 1980s and 1990s. The number of deaths for women has exceeded those for men over the past 20 years.

	1985	1990	1995	2000	2007
Men	487,000	445,000	452,000	440,000	391,886
Women	495,000	475,000	503,000	506,000	421,918

SOURCES:
(1) Rosamond W, Flegal K, Furie K, Go A, Greenlund K, Haase N, Hailpern SM, Ho M, Howard V, Kissela B, Kittner S, Lloyd-Jones D, McDermott M, Meigs J, Moy C, Nichol G, O’Donnell C, Roger V, Sorlie P, Steinberger J, Thom T, Wilson M, Hong Y, for the American Heart Association Statistics Committee and Stroke Statistics Subcommittee (2008). AHA Statistical Update, Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2008 Update, A Report From the American Heart Association Statistics Committee and Stroke Statistics Subcommittee. Circulation. 117, e25-e146.
(2) Roger VL, Go AS, Lloyd-Jones DM, et al. (2011). Heart disease and stroke statistics--2011 update: A report from the American Heart Association. Circulation, 123(4), e18-209.
Cultural Competency: Considering the Diversity of Patients

• In addition to race/geographic/ethnic origin, other facets of diversity should be considered, including:
• Age, language, culture, literacy, disability, frailty, socioeconomic status, occupational status, and religious affiliation
• The root causes of disparities include variations and lack of understanding of health beliefs, cultural values and preferences, and patients’ inability to communicate symptoms in a language other than their own
• Clinicians also should be familiar with patients’ socioeconomic status, which may make attaining a healthy lifestyle and using medications more difficult

SOURCE:
(1) Mosca L, Benjamin EJ, Berra K, Bezanson JL, Dolor RJ, Lloyd-Jones DM, Newby LK, Piña IL, Roger VL, Shaw LJ, Zhao D, Beckie TM, Bushnell C, D'Armiento J, Kris-Etherton PM, Fang J, Ganiats TG, Gomes AS, Gracia CR, Haan CR, Jackson EA, Judelson DR, Kelepouris E, Lavie CJ, Moore A, Nussmeier NA, Ofili E, Oparil S, Ouyang P, Pinn VW, Sherif K, Smith SC, Sopko G, Chandra-Strobos N, Urbina EM, Vaccarino V, Wenger NK. (2011). Effectiveness-based guidelines for the prevention of cardiovascular disease in women—2011 Update: A Guideline From the American Heart Association. Circulation, 123, 1243-1262.
Women Receive Fewer Interventions to Prevent and Treat Heart Disease

• Less cholesterol screening
• Fewer lipid-lowering therapies
• Less use of heparin, beta-blockers and aspirin during myocardial infarction
• Less antiplatelet therapy for secondary prevention
• Fewer referrals to cardiac rehabilitation
• Fewer implantable cardioverter-defibrillators compared to men with the same recognized indications

SOURCES:
(1) Chandra NC, et al. (1998). Observations of the treatment of women in the United States with myocardial infarction: A report from the National Registry of Myocardial Infarction-I. Archives of Internal Medicine, 158, 981-988.
(2) Nohria A, et al. (1998). Gender differences in coronary artery disease in women: Gender differences in mortality after myocardial infarction: Why women fare worse than men. Cardiology Clinics, 16, 45-57.
Scott LB, Allen JK. (2004). Providers perceptions of factors affecting women’s referral to outpatient cardiac rehabilitation programs: an exploratory study. Journal of Cardiopulmonary Rehabilitation, 24, 387-391.
(3) O’Meara JG, et al. (2004). Ethnic and sex differences in the prevalence, treatment, and control of dyslipidemia among hypertensive adults in the GENOA study. Archives of Internal Medicine, 164, 1313-1318.
(4) Hendrix KH, et al. (2005). Ethnic, gender, and age-related differences in treatment and control of dyslipidemia in hypertensive patients. Ethnicity & Disease, 15, 1-16.
(5) Hernandez AF, et al. (2007). Sex and racial differences in the use of implantable cardioverter-defibrillators among patients hospitalized with heart failure. Journal of the American Medical Association, 298, 1535-1532.
(6) Hernandez AF, et al. (2007). Sex and racial differences in the use of implantable cardioverter-defibrillators among patients hospitalized with heart failure. Journal of the American Medical Association, 298, 1535-1532.
(7) Cho L, et al. (2008). Gender differences in utilization of effective cardiovascular secondary prevention: a Cleveland Clinic Prevention Database study. Journal of Womens Health, 17, 1-7.
Educate Patients About the Warning Symptoms of a Heart Attack

• Chest pain, discomfort, pressure or squeezing are the most common symptoms for men and women
• Women are somewhat more likely than men to experience other heart attack symptoms, including:
• Unusual upper body pain or discomfort in one or both arms, the back, shoulder, neck, jaw, or upper part of the stomach
• Shortness of breath
• Nausea/Vomiting
• Unusual or unexplained fatigue (which may be present for days)
• Breaking out in a cold sweat
• Light-headedness or sudden dizziness
• If any of these symptoms occur, call 9–1–1 for emergency medical care.

SOURCES:
(1) Mosca L, Mochari-Greenberger H, Dolor RJ, Newby LK, Robb K. (2010). Twelve-Year follow-up of American Women’s Awareness of Cardiovascular Disease (CVD) Risk and Barriers to Heart Health. Circulation: Cardiovascular & Quality Outcomes, 3,120-127.
(2) Act in Time Heart Attack Awareness Messages – DHHS Office on Women’s Health, 2011.
Encourage Patients To Make The Call. Don’t Miss a Beat

• Only 53% of women said they would call 9-1-1 if experiencing the symptoms of a heart attack
• However, 79% said they would call 9-1-1 if someone else was having a heart attack
• For themselves, 46% of women would do something other than call 9-1-1—such as take an aspirin, go to the hospital, or call the doctor

SOURCES:
(1) Mosca L, Mochari-Greenberger H, Dolor RJ, Newby LK, Robb K. (2010). Twelve-Year follow-up of American Women’s Awareness of Cardiovascular Disease (CVD) Risk and Barriers to Heart Health. Circulation: Cardiovascular & Quality Outcomes, 3,120-127.
(2) Act in Time Heart Attack Awareness Messages – DHHS Office on Women’s Health, 2011.
2011 Update: Guidelines for the Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease in Women
Mosca L, Benjamin EJ, Berra K, et al. Effectiveness-based guidelines for the prevention of cardiovascular disease in women-2011 update: A guideline from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2011. www.circulation.org.
SOURCES:
(1) Mosca L, et al. (2004). Evidence-based guidelines for cardiovascular disease prevention in women. Circulation, 109, 672-693.
(2) Mosca L, et al. (2007). Evidence-based guidelines for cardiovascular disease prevention in women: 2007 update. Circulation, 115, 1481-501.
(3) Mosca L, Benjamin EJ, Berra K, Bezanson JL, Dolor RJ, Lloyd-Jones DM, Newby LK, Piña IL, Roger VL, Shaw LJ, Zhao D, Beckie TM, Bushnell C, D'Armiento J, Kris-Etherton PM, Fang J, Ganiats TG, Gomes AS, Gracia CR, Haan CR, Jackson EA, Judelson DR, Kelepouris E, Lavie CJ, Moore A, Nussmeier NA, Ofili E, Oparil S, Ouyang P, Pinn VW, Sherif K, Smith SC, Sopko G, Chandra-Strobos N, Urbina EM, Vaccarino V, Wenger NK. (2011). Effectiveness-based guidelines for the prevention of cardiovascular disease in women—2011 Update: A Guideline From the American Heart Association. Circulation, 123, 1243-1262.
Evidence-based guidelines for the prevention of cardiovascular disease in women developed in 2004, updated in 2007, and updated again in 2011. For the original 2004 guidelines, over 1,270 articles were screened by the panel, and 400 articles were included for evidence tables. The summary evidence used by the expert panel in 2011 can be obtained online as a Data Supplement at http://circ.ahajournals.org.
Calculate 10-Year Cardiovascular Disease (CVD) Risk using either lipids or BMI at www.framinghamheartstudy.org/risk/gencardio.html#
Stratify Patients with the following conditions as High Risk:

• Documented atherosclerotic disease, including
• clinically manifest coronary heart disease
• clinically manifest peripheral arterial disease
• clinically manifest cerebrovascular disease
• abdominal aortic aneurysm
• Diabetes mellitus
• End-stage or chronic kidney disease
• 10-year Framingham cardiovascular disease risk ≥ 10% [new in 2011]

SOURCES:
(1) Mosca L, Benjamin EJ, Berra K, Bezanson JL, Dolor RJ, Lloyd-Jones DM, Newby LK, Piña IL, Roger VL, Shaw LJ, Zhao D, Beckie TM, Bushnell C, D'Armiento J, Kris-Etherton PM, Fang J, Ganiats TG, Gomes AS, Gracia CR, Haan CR, Jackson EA, Judelson DR, Kelepouris E, Lavie CJ, Moore A, Nussmeier NA, Ofili E, Oparil S, Ouyang P, Pinn VW, Sherif K, Smith SC, Sopko G, Chandra-Strobos N, Urbina EM, Vaccarino V, Wenger NK. (2011). Effectiveness-based guidelines for the prevention of cardiovascular disease in women—2011 Update: A Guideline From the American Heart Association. Circulation, 123, 1243-1262.
(2) National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, “What Are the Signs and Symptoms of Coronary Artery Disease?” Retrieved from http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/dci/Diseases/Cad/CAD_SignsAndSymptoms.html.
The major change in the 2011 guidelines for the definition of “high risk patients” is to identify “high risk patients” as those at 10% or higher risk of a CVD event within 10 years.  The previous definition specified a 20% or higher risk.
Stratify Patients as At Risk if they have ≥ 1 of the following risk factors for CVD, including (but not limited to):

• Cigarette smoking
• Hypertension: SBP ≥ 120 mm Hg, DBP ≥ 80 mm Hg or treated
• Dyslipidemia
• Family history of premature CVD in a 1 st degree relative (CVD at < 55 years in a male relative, or < 65 years in a female relative)
• Obesity, especially central obesity
• Physical inactivity
• Poor diet
• Metabolic syndrome
• Advanced subclinical atherosclerosis
• Poor exercise capacity on treadmill test and/or abnormal heart rate recovery after stopping exercise
• Systemic autoimmune collagen-vascular disease (e.g. lupus, rheumatoid arthritis) [new in 2011]
• A history of pregnancy-induced hypertension, gestational diabetes, preeclampsia [new in 2011]

SOURCE:
Mosca L, Benjamin EJ, Berra K, Bezanson JL, Dolor RJ, Lloyd-Jones DM, Newby LK, Piña IL, Roger VL, Shaw LJ, Zhao D, Beckie TM, Bushnell C, D'Armiento J, Kris-Etherton PM, Fang J, Ganiats TG, Gomes AS, Gracia CR, Haan CR, Jackson EA, Judelson DR, Kelepouris E, Lavie CJ, Moore A, Nussmeier NA, Ofili E, Oparil S, Ouyang P, Pinn VW, Sherif K, Smith SC, Sopko G, Chandra-Strobos N, Urbina EM, Vaccarino V, Wenger NK. (2011). Effectiveness-based guidelines for the prevention of cardiovascular disease in women—2011 Update: A Guideline From the American Heart Association. Circulation, 123, 1243-1262.
The 2011 guidelines added systemic autoimmune collagen-vascular disease (e.g. lupus, rheumatoid arthritis) and a history of pregnancy-induced hypertension, gestational diabetes, and preeclampsia to the risk classification.

What Are the Symptoms of Sexually Transmitted Diseases

• Bumps, sores, or warts near the mouth, anus, penis, or vagina.
• Swelling or redness near the penis or vagina.
• Skin rash.
• Painful urination.
• Weight loss, loose stools, night sweats.
• Aches, pains, fever, and chills.
• Yellowing of the skin (jaundice).
• Discharge from the penis or vagina. (Vaginal discharge may have an odor.)
• Bleeding from the vagina other than during a monthly period.
• Painful sex.
• Severe itching near the penis or vagina.

 Women's Sexual Problems: Any sexual problem that persists for more than a few weeks is worth a visit to your health care provider. He or she can rule out medical or medication causes of the problem and can offer advice on solving other types of problems.
Penis Disorders: There are two primary disorders that affect the male reproductive external organs. These include penis disorders and testicular disorders. Disorders of the penis and testes can affect a man's sexual functioning and fertility.
Sexually Transmitted Diseases: Sexually transmitted diseases, commonly called STDs, are diseases that are spread by having sex with someone who has an STD. You can get a sexually transmitted disease from sexual activity that involves the mouth, anus, vagina, or penis.

Blood, Heart and Circulation

 Heart

The center of the circulatory system is the heart, which is the main pumping mechanism. The heart is made of muscle. The heart is shaped something like a cone, with a pointed bottom and a round top. It is hollow so that it can fill up with blood. An adult’s heart is about the size of a large orange and weighs a little less than a pound.

The heart is in the middle of the chest. It fits snugly between the two lungs. It is held in place by the blood vessels that carry the blood to and from its chambers. The heart is tipped somewhat so that there is a little more of it on the left side than on the right. The pointed tip at the bottom of the heart touches the front wall of the chest. Every time the heart beats it goes “thump” against the chest wall. You can feel the thumps if you press there with your hand. You can also listen to them with your ear. 

Blood (blud) the fluid circulating through the heart, arteries, capillaries, and veins, carrying

nutriment and oxygen to body cells, and removing waste products and carbon dioxide. It consists of the liquid portion (the plasma) and the formed elements (erythrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets).
arterial blood  oxygenated blood, found in the pulmonary veins, the left chambers of the heart, and the systemic arteries.
citrated blood  blood treated with sodium citrate or citric acid to prevent its coagulation.
cord blood  that contained in umbilical vessels at time of delivery of the infant.
occult blood  that present in such small quantities that it is detectible only by chemical tests or by spectroscopic or microscopic examination.
predonated autologous blood  blood donated prior to surgery or other invasive procedure for use in a possible autotransfusion.
venous blood  blood that has given up its oxygen to the tissues and is carrying carbon dioxide back through the systemic veins for gas exchange in the lungs.

whole blood  that from which none of the elements has been removed, sometimes specifically that drawn from a selected donor under aseptic conditions, containing citrate ion or heparin, and used as a blood replenisher.


Circulatory System : The circulatory system is an organ system that permits blood and lymph circulation to transport nutrients (such as amino acids and electrolytes), oxygen, carbon dioxide, hormones, blood cells, etc. to and from cells in the body to nourish it and help to fight diseases, stabilize body temperature and pH, and to maintain homeostasis.




Blood, Heart and Circulation Topics

• Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm see Aortic Aneurysm
• ABO Blood Groups see Blood
• Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia see Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia
• Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia
• Acute Myeloblastic Leukemia see Acute Myeloid Leukemia
• Acute Myeloid Leukemia
• AF see Atrial Fibrillation
• ALL see Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia
• AML see Acute Myeloid Leukemia
• Anatomy
• Anemia
• Aneurysms
• Angiitis see Vasculitis
• Angina
• Angioplasty
• Anticoagulants see Blood Thinners
• Antihypertensive Medicines see Blood Pressure Medicines
• Anti-platelet drugs see Blood Thinners
• Aortic Aneurysm
• Aortic Dissection see Aortic Aneurysm
• Aortic Stenosis see Heart Valve Diseases
• Aplastic Anemia
• Arrhythmia
• Arteriosclerosis see Atherosclerosis
• Arteriosclerosis, Coronary see Coronary Artery Disease
• Arteriosclerosis of Extremities see Peripheral Arterial Disease
• Arteriovenous Malformations
• Atherosclerosis
• Atherosclerosis, Coronary see Coronary Artery Disease
• Atrial Fibrillation
• Automated External Defibrillators see Cardiac Arrest
• AVM see Arteriovenous Malformations
• Behcet's Syndrome
• Berry Aneurysm see Brain Aneurysm
• Bleeding
• Bleeding Disorders
• Blood
• Blood Cells see Blood
• Blood Clots
• Blood Coagulation Disorders see Bleeding Disorders; Hemophilia
• Blood Disorders
• Blood Donation see Blood Transfusion and Donation
• Blood Platelet Disorders see Platelet Disorders
• Blood Pressure see High Blood Pressure; Low Blood Pressure
• Blood Pressure Medicines
• Blood Thinners
• Blood Transfusion and Donation
• Bradycardia see Arrhythmia
• Brain Aneurysm
• Brain Attack see Stroke
• Bypass Surgery see Coronary Artery Bypass Surgery
• CABG see Coronary Artery Bypass Surgery
• CAD see Coronary Artery Disease
• Cardiac Arrest
• Cardiac Diseases see Heart Diseases
• Cardiac Failure see Heart Failure
• Cardiac Rehabilitation
• Cardiac Surgery see Heart Surgery
• Cardiomyopathy
• Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation see CPR
• Cardiovascular Diseases see Heart Diseases; Vascular Diseases
• Carotid Artery Disease
• Carotid Endarterectomy see Carotid Artery Disease; Stroke
• Cerebral Aneurysm see Brain Aneurysm
• Cerebrovascular Disease see Stroke
• Chest Pain
• CHF see Heart Failure
• Childhood Leukemia
• Cholesterol
• Chronic Granulocytic Leukemia see Chronic Myeloid Leukemia
• Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia
• Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia see Chronic Myeloid Leukemia
• Chronic Myeloid Leukemia
• Churg-Strauss Syndrome see Eosinophilic Disorders
• Circulatory Disorders see Vascular Diseases
• Claudication see Peripheral Arterial Disease
• CLL see Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia
• CML see Chronic Myeloid Leukemia
• Congenital Heart Defects
• Congestive Heart Failure see Heart Failure
• Cooley's Anemia see Thalassemia
• Cor Pulmonale see Pulmonary Hypertension
• Coronary Arteriosclerosis see Coronary Artery Disease
• Coronary Artery Bypass Graft see Coronary Artery Bypass Surgery
• Coronary Artery Bypass Surgery
• Coronary Artery Disease
• CPR
• CVA see Stroke
• Deep Vein Thrombosis
• Defibrillators, Implantable see Pacemakers and Implantable Defibrillators
• Diabetic Foot
• Diabetic Heart Disease
• Dropsy see Edema
• DVT see Deep Vein Thrombosis
• Edema
• Endocarditis
• Eosinophilia see Eosinophilic Disorders
• Eosinophilic Disorders
• Erythroblastosis Fetalis see Rh Incompatibility
• Familial Combined Hyperlipidemia see Cholesterol; Triglycerides
• Familial Dysbetalipoproteinemia see Cholesterol
• Familial Hypercholesterolemia see Cholesterol
• Familial Hypertriglyceridemia see Triglycerides
• Fanconi Anemia see Aplastic Anemia
• Gangrene
• Gas Gangrene see Gangrene
• Giant Cell Arteritis
• Granulomatosis with Polyangiitis (Wegener's)
• Hairy Cell Leukemia see Leukemia
• Hardening of the Arteries see Atherosclerosis
• HDL see Cholesterol
• Heart Attack
• Heart Defects see Congenital Heart Defects
• Heart Disease in Women
• Heart Diseases
• Heart Diseases, Congenital see Congenital Heart Defects
• Heart Diseases--Prevention
• Heart Diseases--Rehabilitation see Cardiac Rehabilitation
• Heart Failure
• Heart Murmur see Congenital Heart Defects; Heart Valve Diseases
• Heart Surgery
• Heart Transplantation
• Heart Valve Diseases
• Hemangioma see Vascular Diseases
• Hematologic Disorders see Blood Disorders
• Hematoma see Bleeding
• Hemoglobin SS Disease see Sickle Cell Anemia
• Hemolytic Disease of Newborn see Rh Incompatibility
• Hemophilia
• Hemorrhage see Bleeding
• High Blood Pressure
• High Blood Pressure Medicines see Blood Pressure Medicines
• Hypercholesterolemia see Cholesterol
• Hypereosinophilic Syndrome see Eosinophilic Disorders
• Hyperlipidemia see Cholesterol; Triglycerides
• Hypertension see High Blood Pressure
• Hypertension, Pulmonary see Pulmonary Hypertension
• Hypertriglyceridemia see Triglycerides
• Hypotension see Low Blood Pressure
• Implantable Defibrillators see Pacemakers and Implantable Defibrillators
• Insulin Resistance see Metabolic Syndrome
• Intermittent Claudication see Peripheral Arterial Disease
• Intracranial Aneurysm see Brain Aneurysm
• Iron Deficiency Anemia see Anemia
• Irregular Heartbeat see Arrhythmia
• Kawasaki Disease
• LDL see Cholesterol
• Leukemia
• Leukemia, Acute Lymphoblastic see Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia
• Leukemia, Acute Lymphocytic see Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia
• Leukemia, Childhood see Childhood Leukemia
• Leukemia, Chronic Lymphocytic see Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia
• Leukemia, Myeloblastic, Acute see Acute Myeloid Leukemia
• Leukemia, Myelogenous, Acute see Acute Myeloid Leukemia
• Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute see Acute Myeloid Leukemia
• Leukemia, Myeloid, Chronic see Chronic Myeloid Leukemia
• Low Blood Pressure
• Lymphatic Obstruction see Lymphedema
• Lymphedema
• Malaria
• Mediterranean Anemia see Thalassemia
• Metabolic Syndrome
• MI see Heart Attack
• Mini-Stroke see Transient Ischemic Attack
• Mitral Valve Prolapse
• Mucocutaneous Lymph Node Syndrome see Kawasaki Disease
• Multifocal Atrial Tachycardia see Arrhythmia
• Myocardial Infarction see Heart Attack
• Open Heart Surgery see Heart Surgery
• Orthostatic Hypotension see Low Blood Pressure
• Pacemakers and Implantable Defibrillators
• PAD see Peripheral Arterial Disease
• Pain, Chest see Chest Pain
• Pericardial Disorders
• Pericardial Effusion see Pericardial Disorders
• Pericarditis see Pericardial Disorders
• Peripheral Arterial Disease
• Plaque, Atherosclerotic see Atherosclerosis
• Platelet Disorders
• Primary Pulmonary Hypertension see Pulmonary Hypertension
• Pulmonary Hypertension
• Raynaud's Disease
• Rh Incompatibility
• SCA see Cardiac Arrest
• Septic Shock see Shock
• Shock
• Shy-Drager Syndrome see Low Blood Pressure
• Sickle Cell Anemia
• Sickle Cell Disease see Sickle Cell Anemia
• Spider Veins see Varicose Veins
• Stroke
• Sudden Cardiac Death see Cardiac Arrest
• Syndrome X (Cardiac) see Angina
• Syndrome X (Metabolic) see Metabolic Syndrome
• Tachycardia see Arrhythmia
• Temporal Arteritis see Giant Cell Arteritis
• Thalassemia
• Thoracic Aortic Aneurysm see Aortic Aneurysm
• Thrombocytopenia see Platelet Disorders
• Thrombophlebitis see Blood Clots
• TIA see Transient Ischemic Attack
• Transfusion see Blood Transfusion and Donation
• Transient Ischemic Attack
• Triglycerides
• Valvular Heart Diseases see Heart Valve Diseases
• Varicose Veins
• Vascular Diseases
• Vasculitis
• Veins see Varicose Veins; Vascular Diseases
• Venous Thrombosis see Blood Clots; Deep Vein Thrombosis
• von Willebrand's Disease see Platelet Disorders
• Wegener's Granulomatosis see Granulomatosis with Polyangiitis (Wegener's)